Padang Cassia
OTHER NAME(S): Batavia Cassia, Batavia Cinnamon, Birmazimt, Birmazimtbaum, Canelle de Padang, Cannelier de Malaisie, Cassia Vera, Cinnamon Stick, Fagot Cassia, Indonesian Cassia, Indonesian Cinnamon, Indonesische Kaneel, Indonesischer Zimt, Jaavakaneli, Java Cassia, Java Cinnamon, Kayo Manis Padang, Kayu Manis Padang, Korintje, Korintje Cassia, Korintje Cinnamon, Padang Cinnamon, Padang Zimt, Padangzimt, Padangzimtbaum, Timor Cassia, Cinnamomum Burmannii, Canela de Indonesia, Cannelle de Padang
Overview
Padang cassia is a type of cinnamon. It is prepared from the bark of a small tree found in Southeast Asia. Padang cassia is less expensive than other cinnamons such as cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and is the most common type sold in the US.
People use Padang cassia for prediabetes, diabetes, obesity, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
In food and beverages, Padang cassia is used as a flavoring agent.
Padang cassia contains chemicals that seem to improve how the body handles blood sugar and how it responds to insulin. These effects may improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes.
Padang cassia contains chemicals that seem to improve how the body handles blood sugar and how it responds to insulin. These effects may improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes.
Uses
Insufficient Evidence for
- A grouping of symptoms that increase the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke (metabolic syndrome). Early research shows that taking Padang cassia can lower systolic blood pressure (the top number), blood sugar, and body fat in people with metabolic syndrome. It does not seem to lower diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) or cholesterol.
- Obesity. Early research shows that taking Padang cassia can help to reduce body fat in people who are overweight or obese.
- A hormonal disorder that causes enlarged ovaries with cysts (polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS). Early research shows that taking Padang cassia can help regulate the menstrual cycle in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Diabetes.
- Prediabetes.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of Padang cassia for these uses.
Side Effects
When taken by mouth: Padang cassia is LIKELY SAFE when taken in amounts typically found in food. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken as a medicine in doses up to 1500 mg daily for up to 6 months. However, when it is taken in doses greater than 1500 mg daily for a long period of time, it is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Padang cassia contains a chemical called coumarin. In people who are sensitive, coumarin might harm the liver.
Precautions
When taken by mouth: Padang cassia is LIKELY SAFE when taken in amounts typically found in food. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken as a medicine in doses up to 1500 mg daily for up to 6 months. However, when it is taken in doses greater than 1500 mg daily for a long period of time, it is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Padang cassia contains a chemical called coumarin. In people who are sensitive, coumarin might harm the liver.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if Padang cassia is safe to use when pregnant or breastfeeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Diabetes: Padang cassia may lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Watch for signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and monitor your blood sugar carefully if you have diabetes and use Padang cassia in amounts larger than what's normally found in food.
Liver disease: Padang cassia contains a chemical that might harm the liver. If you have liver disease, don't take Padang cassia in amounts larger than what's normally found in food.
Surgery: Padang cassia might lower blood sugar and might interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop taking Padang cassia as a medicine at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Interactions
Moderate Interaction
Be cautious with this combination
- Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with Padang CassiaPadang cassia might decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are also used to lower blood sugar. Taking Padang cassia along with diabetes medications might cause your blood sugar to go too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed. Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, metformin (Glucophage), pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), and others.
- Medications that can harm the liver (Hepatotoxic drugs) interacts with Padang CassiaPadang cassia contains a chemical that might harm the liver. Taking large amounts of Padang cassia along with medications that might also harm the liver might increase the risk of liver damage. Do not take large amounts of Padang cassia if you are taking a medication that can harm the liver. Some medications that can harm the liver include acetaminophen (Tylenol and others), amiodarone (Cordarone), carbamazepine (Tegretol), isoniazid (INH), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), methyldopa (Aldomet), fluconazole (Diflucan), itraconazole (Sporanox), erythromycin (Erythrocin, Ilosone, others), phenytoin (Dilantin), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), and many others.
- Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with Padang CassiaSome medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Padang cassia might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking Padang cassia along with some medications that are changed by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking Padang cassia, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver. Some medications changed by the liver include some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, nicardipine, verapamil), cancer drugs (etoposide, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine), antifungal drugs (ketoconazole, itraconazole), steroids, cisapride (Propulsid), fentanyl (Sublimaze), losartan (Cozaar), fluoxetine (Prozac), midazolam (Versed), omeprazole (Prilosec), ondansetron (Zofran), propranolol (Inderal), fexofenadine (Allegra), and many more.
Dosing
The appropriate dose of Padang cassia depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for Padang cassia. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
References
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Polyphenol Type-A Polymers from Cinnamon with Insulin-like Biological Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:65-70.
- Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:327-36.
- Imparl-Radosevich J, Deas S, Polansky MM, et al. Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling. Horm Res 1998;50:177-82.
- Press release. Cinnamon capsules to reduce blood sugar are medicinal products! Efficacy has not been scientifically proven - some products contain high levels of coumarin. Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfM), Germany, November 11, 2006. Available at: https://www.bfarm.de/nn_425226/EN/press/press-releases/pm2006-14-en.html.
- Felter SP, Vassallo JD, Carlton BD, Daston GP. A safety assessment of coumarin taking into account species-specificity of toxicokinetics. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:462-75.
- Choi, J., Lee, K. T., Ka, H., Jung, W. T., Jung, H. J., and Park, H. J. Constituents of the essential oil of the Cinnamomum cassia stem bark and the biological properties. Arch Pharm Res 2001;24(5):418-423.
- Manaf A, Tjandrawinata RR, Malinda D. Insulin sensitizer in prediabetes: a clinical study with DLBS3233, a combined bioactive fraction of Cinnamomum burmanii and Lagerstroemia speciosa. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:1279-89.
- Tjokroprawiro A, Murtiwi S, Tjandrawinata RR. DLBS3233, a combined bioactive fraction of Cinnamomum burmanii and Lagerstroemia speciosa, in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients inadequately controlled by metformin and other oral antidiabetic agents. J Complement Integr Med. 2016;13(4):413-20.
- Kort DH, Lobo RA. Preliminary evidence that cinnamon improves menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211(5):487.e1-6.
- Roussel AM, Hininger I, Benaraba R, et al. Antioxidant effects of a cinnamon extract in people with impaired fasting glucose that are overweight or obese. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(1):16-21.
- Hong ZL, Huang JC, Kuo SY, Chen CY. Amides from the stems of Cinnamomum burmannii. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6(9):1297-8.
- Wang R, Wang R, Yan B. Extraction of essential oils from five cinnamon leaves and identification of their volatile compound compositions. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2009;10:289-92.
- Wang YH, Avula B, Nanayakkara NP, et al. Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 2013;61(18):4470-6.
- Woehrlin F, Fry H, Abraham K, Preiss-Weigert A. Quantification of flavoring constituents in cinnamon: high variation of coumarin in cassia bark from the German retail market and in authentic samples from Indonesia. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58(19):10568-75.
- Ahmad M, Lim CP, Akowuah GA, et al. Safety assessment of standardized methanol extract of Cinnamomum burmannii. Phytomedicine 2013;20(12):1124-30.
- Subehan S, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. In vitro mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by a new constituent of Cinnamomum burmani. Planta Med 2008;74(12):1474-80.
- Bernardo MA, Silva ML, Santos E, et al. Effect of cinnamon tea on postprandial glucose concentration. J Diabetes Res 2015;2015:913651.
- Saifudin A, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity of Indonesian herbal medicines and constituents of Cinnamomum burmannii and Zingiber aromaticum. J Nat Med 2013;67(2):264-70.
- Qin B, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract regulates plasma levels of adipose-derived factors and expression of multiple genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and lipogenesis in adipose tissue of fructose-fed rats. Horm Metab Res 2010;42(3):187-93.
- Qin B, Polansky MM, Sato Y, et al. Cinnamon extract inhibits the postprandial overproduction of apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins in fructose-fed animals. J Nutr Biochem 2009;20(11):901-8.
- Qin B, Dawson H, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract attenuates TNF-alpha-induced intestinal lipoprotein ApoB48 overproduction by regulating inflammatory, insulin, and lipoprotein pathways in enterocytes. Horm Metab Res 2009;41(7):516-22.
- Cao H, Graves DJ, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract regulates glucose transporter and insulin-signaling gene expression in mouse adipocytes. Phytomedicine 2010;17(13):1027-32.
- Cao H, Urban JF Jr, Anderson RA. Cinnamon polyphenol extract affects immune responses by regulating anti- and proinflammatory and glucose transporter gene expression in mouse macrophages. J Nutr 2008;138(5):833-40.
- Cao H, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007;459(2):214-22.
- Tandrasasmita OM, Wulan DD, Nailufar F, et al. Glucose-lowering effect of DLBS3233 is mediated through phosphorylation of tyrosine and upregulation of PPAR-gamma and GLUT4 expression. Int J Gen Med 2011;4:345-57.
- Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. The in vitro antibacterial activity of dietary spice and medicinal herb extracts. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;117(1):112-9.
- Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. Antibacterial properties and major bioactive components of cinnamon stick (Cinnamomum burmannii): activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55(14):5484-90.
- Prasad KN, Yang B, Dong X, et al. Flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities from Cinnamomum species. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2009;10(4):627-32.
- Pratiwi SUT, Lagendijk EL, de Weert S, et al. Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex B1. And Massoia aromatic Becc. essential oils on planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products 2015;8(2):1-13.
- Huang S, Pan Y, Gan D, et al. Antioxidant activities and UV-protective properties of melanin from the berry of Cinnaomum burmannii and Osmanthus fragrans. Med Chem Res 2011;20:475-81.
- Choi EM, Hwang JK. Screening of Indonesian medicinal plants for inhibitor activity on nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 cells and antioxidant activity. Filoterapia 2005;76(2):194-203.
- Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of five spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives of raw pork. J Sci Food Agric 2009;89(11):1879-85.
- Tjandrawinata RR, Nailufar F, Arifin PF. Hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity inhibition and downregulation of its expression by bioactive fraction DLBS2411 from Cinnamomum burmannii in gastric parietal cells. Int J Gen Med 2013;6:807-15.
- Daker M, Lin VY, Akowuah GA, et al. Inhibitory effects of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume stem bark extract and trans-cinnamaldehyde on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells; synergism with cisplatin. Exp Ther Med 2013;5(6):1701-9.
- Shen T, Chen XM, Harder B, et al. Plant extracts of the family Lauraceae: a potential resource for chemopreventive agents that activate the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element pathway. Planta Med 2014;80(5):426-34.
- Ziegenfuss TN, Hofheins JE, Mendel RW, et al. Effects of a water-soluble cinnamon extract on body composition and features of the metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic men and women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2006;3:45-53.
- Romeo GR, Lee J, Mulla CM, et al. Influence of cinnamon on glycemic control in subjects with prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. J Endocrine Soc. 2020;bvaa094.
- Pulungan A, Pane YS. The benefit of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum burmannii) in lowering total cholesterol levels after consumption of high-fat containing foods in white mice ( Mus musculus) models. F1000Res 2020;9:168.
- Rachid AP, Moncada M, Mesquita MF, Brito J, Bernardo MA, Silva ML. Effect of aqueous cinnamon extract on the postprandial glycemia levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2022;14(8):1576.
- Shishehbor F, Rezaeyan Safar M, Rajaei E, Haghighizadeh MH. Cinnamon consumption improves clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2018.