Oak Moss
OTHER NAME(S): Ebernia Prunasti, Évernia, Évernie, Lahiat Alshaykh, Lichen Oak Moss, Mousse de Chêne, Oakmoss, Tree Moss, Evernia prunastri, Musgo de Roble, Mousse de chêne
Overview
Oak moss (Evernia prunastri) is a lichen that grows on oak trees. Lichens look like a single plant, but they are really fungus and algae that grow together.
Oak moss contains chemicals called usnic acid, evernic acid, and thujone. These chemicals might have various toxic effects in the body.
People use oak moss for cough and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Don’t confuse oak moss with other types of lichens such as usnea. These are not the same.
Uses
We currently have no information for Oak Moss overview.
Side Effects
When taken by mouth: Oak moss is possibly safe when used short-term as a water-based tea. But oak moss is likely unsafe when taken in large amounts, for long periods of time, or as an alcohol extract. Oak moss contains toxic chemicals that can cause side effects such as vomiting, dizziness, tremors, kidney damage, and liver damage.
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if oak moss is safe. It might cause allergic reactions, including skin rash, in some people.
Precautions
When taken by mouth: Oak moss is possibly safe when used short-term as a water-based tea. But oak moss is likely unsafe when taken in large amounts, for long periods of time, or as an alcohol extract. Oak moss contains toxic chemicals that can cause side effects such as vomiting, dizziness, tremors, kidney damage, and liver damage.
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if oak moss is safe. It might cause allergic reactions, including skin rash, in some people.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Oak moss is possibly unsafe to use while pregnant or breast-feeding. It contains a chemical called thujone that might cause the uterus to contract, and this could cause a miscarriage.
Allergy to lichens and mosses: If you are allergic to lichens and mosses, you might also be allergic to oak moss.
A blood disorder called porphyria: Oak moss might make this condition worse. Don't use oak moss if you have porphyria.
Kidney problems: Oak moss contains chemicals that might harm the kidneys. Don't use oak moss if you have kidney problems.
Liver disease: Oak moss contains chemicals that might harm the liver. If you have liver disease, don't take oak moss by mouth.
Interactions
We currently have no information for Oak Moss overview.
Dosing
There isn’t enough reliable information to know what an appropriate dose of oak moss might be. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult a healthcare professional before using.
References
- Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
- Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
- Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
- Dahlquist I, Fregert S. Contact allergy to atranorin in lichens and perfumes. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:111-9.
- Goncalo S. Contact sensitivity to lichens and compositae in Frullania dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1987;16:84-6.
- Goncalo S, Cabral F, Goncalo M. Contact sensitivity to oak moss. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:355-7.
- Thune P, Solberg Y, McFadden N, et al. Perfume allergy due to oak moss and other lichens. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:396-400.
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Favreau JT, Ryu Ml, Braunstein G, et al. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement LipoKinetix. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:590-5.
- Ingolfsdottir K. Usnic acid. Phytochemistry 2002;61:729-36.
- Mitchell, J. C. Allergy to lichens. Allergic contact dermatitis from usnic acid produced by lichenized fungi. Arch Dermatol 1965;92(2):142-146.
- Campanella, L., Delfini, M., Ercole, P., Iacoangeli, A., and Risuleo, G. Molecular characterization and action of usnic acid: a drug that inhibits proliferation of mouse polyomavirus in vitro and whose main target is RNA transcription. Biochimie 2002;84(4):329-334.
- Pramyothin, P., Janthasoot, W., Pongnimitprasert, N., Phrukudom, S., and Ruangrungsi, N. Hepatotoxic effect of (+)usnic acid from Usnea siamensis Wainio in rats, isolated rat hepatocytes and isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90(2-3):381-387.
- Han, D., Matsumaru, K., Rettori, D., and Kaplowitz, N. Usnic acid-induced necrosis of cultured mouse hepatocytes: inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Biochem.Pharmacol. 2-1-2004;67(3):439-451.
- Durazo, F. A., Lassman, C., Han, S. H., Saab, S., Lee, N. P., Kawano, M., Saggi, B., Gordon, S., Farmer, D. G., Yersiz, H., Goldstein, R. L., Ghobrial, M., and Busuttil, R. W. Fulminant liver failure due to usnic acid for weight loss. Am.J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(5):950-952.
- Bezivin, C., Tomasi, S., Rouaud, I., Delcros, J. G., and Boustie, J. Cytotoxic activity of compounds from the lichen: Cladonia convoluta. Planta Med 2004;70(9):874-877.
- Ribeiro-Costa, R. M., Alves, A. J., Santos, N. P., Nascimento, S. C., Goncalves, E. C., Silva, N. H., Honda, N. K., and Santos-Magalhaes, N. S. In vitro and in vivo properties of usnic acid encapsulated into PLGA-microspheres. J Microencapsul. 2004;21(4):371-384.
- Neff, G. W., Reddy, K. R., Durazo, F. A., Meyer, D., Marrero, R., and Kaplowitz, N. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with the use of weight loss diet supplements containing ma huang or usnic acid. J Hepatol. 2004;41(6):1062-1064.
- De Carvalho, E. A., Andrade, P. P., Silva, N. H., Pereira, E. C., and Figueiredo, R. C. Effect of usnic acid from the lichen Cladonia substellata on Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro: an ultrastructural study. Micron. 2005;36(2):155-161.
- Kristmundsdottir, T., Jonsdottir, E., Ogmundsdottir, H. M., and Ingolfsdottir, K. Solubilization of poorly soluble lichen metabolites for biological testing on cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005;24(5):539-543.
- Hsu, L. M., Huang, Y. S., Chang, F. Y., and Lee, S. D. 'Fat burner' herb, usnic Acid, induced acute hepatitis in a family. J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2005;20(7):1138-1139.
- Mayer, M., O'Neill, M. A., Murray, K. E., Santos-Magalhaes, N. S., Carneiro-Leao, A. M., Thompson, A. M., and Appleyard, V. C. Usnic acid: a non-genotoxic compound with anti-cancer properties. Anticancer Drugs 2005;16(8):805-809.
- Arneborn, P., Jansson, A., and Bottiger, Y. [Acute hepatitis in a woman after intake of slimming pills bought via Internet]. Lakartidningen 7-11-2005;102(28-29):2071-2072.
- Behera, B. C., Verma, N., Sonone, A., and Makhija, U. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lichen Usnea ghattensis in vitro. Biotechnol Lett 2005;27(14):991-995.
- Odabasoglu, F., Cakir, A., Suleyman, H., Aslan, A., Bayir, Y., Halici, M., and Kazaz, C. Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of usnic acid on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1-3-2006;103(1):59-65.
- Halici, M., Odabasoglu, F., Suleyman, H., Cakir, A., Aslan, A., and Bayir, Y. Effects of water extract of Usnea longissima on antioxidant enzyme activity and mucosal damage caused by indomethacin in rats. Phytomedicine 2005;12(9):656-662.
- Sanchez, W., Maple, J. T., Burgart, L. J., and Kamath, P. S. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81(4):541-544.
- Yamamoto, Y., MIURA, Y., Kinoshita, Y., Higuchi, M., Yamada, Y., Murakami, A., Ohigashi, H., and Koshimizu, K. Screening of tissue cultures and thalli of lichens and some of their active constituents for inhibition of tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995;43(8):1388-1390.
- Wu, J., Zhang, M., Ding, D., Tan, T., and Yan, B. [Effect of Cladonia alpestris on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro]. Zhongguo Ji.Sheng Chong.Xue.Yu Ji.Sheng Chong.Bing.Za Zhi. 1995;13(2):126-129.
- Okuyama, E., Umeyama, K., Yamazaki, M., Kinoshita, Y., and Yamamoto, Y. Usnic acid and diffractaic acid as analgesic and antipyretic components of Usnea diffracta. Planta Med 1995;61(2):113-115.
- Rafanelli, S., Bacchilega, R., Stanganelli, I., and Rafanelli, A. Contact dermatitis from usnic acid in vaginal ovules. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33(4):271-272.
- Fournet, A., Ferreira, M. E., Rojas, de Arias, Torres, de Ortiz, Inchausti, A., Yaluff, G., Quilhot, W., Fernandez, E., and Hidalgo, M. E. Activity of compounds isolated from Chilean lichens against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Comp Biochem Physiol C.Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1997;116(1):51-54.
- Calchera A, Dal Grande F, Bode HB, Schmitt I. Biosynthetic gene content of the 'perfume lichens' Evernia prunastri and Pseudevernia furfuracea. Molecules 2019;24(1):203.
- Shcherbakova A, Strömstedt AA, Göransson U, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Evernia prunastri extracts and their isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021;37(8):129.
- Amssayef A, Ajebli M, Eddouks M. Aqueous extract of oakmoss produces antihypertensive activity in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats through sGC-cGMP pathway. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021;43(1):49-55.
- Schubert S, Schnuch A, Bauer A, et al. Very late reactions in the patch test with fragrance mix I and oak moss absolute (Evernia prunastri, INCI): Data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Contact Dermatitis 2022;86(1):54-57.
- Kwong SP, Huang Z, Ji L, Wang C. PORIMIN: The key to (+)-Usnic acid-induced liver toxicity and oncotic cell death in normal human L02 liver cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;270:113873.
- Lee S, Lee Y, Ha S, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of usnic acid in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2020;1730:146642.
- Amssayef A, Bouadid I, Eddouks M. Oakmoss Exhibits Antihyperglycemic Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2022.
- Studzinska-Sroka E, Bulicz M, Henkel M, et al. Pleiotropic Potential of Evernia prunastri Extracts and Their Main Compounds Evernic Acid and Atranorin: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Molecules 2023;29(1):233.
