Black Walnut

OTHER NAME(S): Carya, Green Black Walnut, Green Walnut, Jupiter's Nuts, Nogal Americano, Nogueira-preta, Noix, Noix de Jupiter, Noix de Perse, Noix Verte, Noyer d'Amérique, Noyer Noir, Noyer Noir Américain, Nux persica, Nux regia, Schwarze Walnuss, Walnoot, Walnut, Juglans nigra, Nogal Negro, Noyer noir

Overview

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a tree native to the US that's harvested for its wood and edible nuts. The tree bark has been used in traditional medicine.

Black walnut contains high concentrations of chemicals called tannins, which can reduce pain and swelling and dry up body fluids such as mucous.

People use black walnut to lower the risk of heart disease, for skin wounds, and for other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Tree nuts, including black walnut, are considered major food allergens in the US. Don't confuse black walnut with English walnut. There are not the same.

References
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  4. Feldman EB. The scientific evidence for a beneficial health relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease. J Nutr 2002;132:1062S-101S.
  5. Inbaraj JJ, Chignell CF. Cytotoxic action of juglone and plumbagin: a mechanistic study using HaCaT keratinocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2004;17:55-62.
  6. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1999;1:204-9.
  7. Fontaine, G. L., Belknap, J. K., Allen, D., Moore, J. N., and Kroll, D. L. Expression of interleukin-1beta in the digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis. Am.J Vet.Res. 2001;62(5):714-720.
  8. Woeste, K., Burns, R., Rhodes, O., and Michler, C. Thirty polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci from black walnut. J Hered. 2002;93(1):58-60.
  9. Montoya, J., Varela-Ramirez, A., Estrada, A., Martinez, L. E., Garza, K., and Aguilera, R. J. A fluorescence-based rapid screening assay for cytotoxic compounds. Biochem Biophys.Res.Commun. 12-24-2004;325(4):1517-1523.
  10. Waguespack, R. W., Cochran, A., and Belknap, J. K. Expression of the cyclooxygenase isoforms in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis in horses. Am.J Vet.Res. 2004;65(12):1724-1729.
  11. Hurley, D. J., Parks, R. J., Reber, A. J., Donovan, D. C., Okinaga, T., Vandenplas, M. L., Peroni, J. F., and Moore, J. N. Dynamic changes in circulating leukocytes during the induction of equine laminitis with black walnut extract. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 4-15-2006;110(3-4):195-206.
  12. Loftus, J. P., Belknap, J. K., and Black, S. J. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in laminae of black walnut extract treated horses correlates with neutrophil abundance. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 10-15-2006;113(3-4):267-276.
  13. Blikslager, A. T., Yin, C., Cochran, A. M., Wooten, J. G., Pettigrew, A., and Belknap, J. K. Cyclooxygenase expression in the early stages of equine laminitis: a cytologic study. J Vet.Intern.Med. 2006;20(5):1191-1196.
  14. Riggs, L. M., Franck, T., Moore, J. N., Krunkosky, T. M., Hurley, D. J., Peroni, J. F., de la, Rebiere G., and Serteyn, D. A. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase measurements in plasma, laminar tissue, and skin of horses given black walnut extract. Am.J Vet.Res. 2007;68(1):81-86.
  15. Moodley, R., Kindness, A., and Jonnalagadda, S. B. Elemental composition and chemical characteristics of five edible nuts (almond, Brazil, pecan, macadamia and walnut) consumed in Southern Africa. J Environ.Sci.Health B 2007;42(5):585-591.
  16. Amarowicz, R., Dykes, G. A., and Pegg, R. B. Antibacterial activity of tannin constituents from Phaseolus vulgaris, Fagoypyrum esculentum, Corylus avellana and Juglans nigra. Fitoterapia 2008;79(3):217-219.
  17. Bhargava, U. C. and Westfall, B. A. Antitumor activity of Juglans niga (black walnut) extractives. J Pharm.Sci. 1968;57(10):1674-1677.
  18. Eaton, S. A., Allen, D., Eades, S. C., and Schneider, D. A. Digital Starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis induced by an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) in horses. Am.J Vet.Res. 1995;56(10):1338-1344.
  19. Qasem, JR. Weed Allelopathy, Its Ecological Impacts and Future Prospects: A Review. Journal of Crop Production. 2001;4(2):43-119.
  20. Randhawa I, Morphew T, Marsteller NL. Correlation of negative skin-prick test results for tree nuts and successful tree nut challenges among children with peanut allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2018;39(6):456-460.
  21. Polk BI, Dinakarpandian D, Nanda M, Barnes C, Dinakar C. Association of tree nut and coconut sensitizations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;117(4):412-416.
  22. FDA. Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion - Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0292). March 2004. Available at: https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114183649/https:/www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072910.htm. Accessed on March 9, 2020.
  23. Adamczyk B, Simon J, Kitunen V, Adamczyk S, Smolander A. Tannins and their complex interaction with different organic nitrogen compounds and enzymes: old paradigms versus recent advances. ChemistryOpen. 2017;6(5):610-614.
  24. McRae JM, Kennedy JA. Wine and grape tannin interactions with salivary proteins and their impact on astringency: a review of current research. Molecules. 2011;16(3):2348-64.
  25. Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/food-allergen-labeling-and-consumer-protection-act-2004-falcpa.