Homotaurine
OTHER NAME(S): 3-APS, 3-Amino-1-Propanesulfonic Acid, 3-Aminopropane-1-Sulfonic Acid, 3-Aminopropanesulfonic Acid, 3-Aminopropylsulfonic Acid, Acide 3-Aminopropanesulfonique, Homotaurin, Tramiprosate, Homotaurine, Homotaurina
Overview
Homotaurine is an amino acid that is found in some seaweeds. However, commercial products that are sold as supplements are made in a laboratory.
Homotaurine is used for Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and a decline in memory and thinking skills in older people that is more than what is normal for their age, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Homotaurine works in the brain, interfering with the formation of the plaques that contribute to Alzheimer disease. It also interferes with the formation of plaques in blood vessels in the brain, that are associated with a condition called cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Homotaurine works in the brain, interfering with the formation of the plaques that contribute to Alzheimer disease. It also interferes with the formation of plaques in blood vessels in the brain, that are associated with a condition called cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Uses
Insufficient Evidence for
- Alzheimer disease. Research shows that homotaurine does not improve symptoms of Alzheimer disease in most people. However, it might work in people with certain changes in a gene called ApoE. More research is needed to confirm whether or not it is helpful.
- Decline in memory and thinking skills in older people that is more than what is normal for their age. Taking homotaurine seems to help with very recent memory recall by a small amount in older people with a decline in memory and thinking skills.
- Parkinson disease. Taking homotaurine doesn't seem to help with most symptoms of Parkinson disease.
- A group of eye disorders that can lead to vision loss (glaucoma).
- Hair loss.
- Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of homotaurine for these uses.
Side Effects
When taken by mouth: Homotaurine is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people. It can cause some minor side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and headache.
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if homotaurine is safe or what the side effects might be.
Precautions
When taken by mouth: Homotaurine is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people. It can cause some minor side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and headache.
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if homotaurine is safe or what the side effects might be.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if homotaurine is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Interactions
We currently have no information for Homotaurine overview.
Dosing
The appropriate dose of homotaurine depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for homotaurine. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
References
- Olive MF, Nannini MA, Ou CJ, et al. Effects of acute acamprosate and homotaurine on ethanol intake and ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;437:55-61.
- Fariello RG, Golden GT, Pisa M. Homotaurine (3 aminopropanesulfonic acid; 3APS) protects from the convulsant and cytotoxic effect of systemically administered kainic acid. Neurology 1982;32:241-5.
- Serrano I, Ruiz RM, Serrano JS, Fernandez A. GABAergic and cholinergic mediation in the antinociceptive action of homotaurine. Gen Pharmacol 1992;23:421-6.
- Ruiz de Valderas RM, Serrano MI, Serrano JS, Fernandez A. Effect of homotaurine in experimental analgesia tests. Gen Pharmacol 1991;22:717-21.
- Giotti A, Luzzi S, Spagnesi S, Zilletti L. Homotaurine: a GABAB antagonist in guinea-pig ileum. Br J Pharmacol 1983;79:855-62.
- Serrano MI, Serrano JS, Fernandez A, et al. GABA(B) receptors and opioid mechanisms involved in homotaurine-induced analgesia. Gen Pharmacol 1998;30:411-5.
- Serrano MI, Serrano JS, Asadi I, et al. Role of K+ channels in homotaurine-induced analgesia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001;15:167-73.
- Paakkari P, Paakkari I, Karppanen H, Paasonen MK. Mechanisms of the inhibitory cardiovascular effects of taurine and homotaurine. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1983;677:134-7.
- Gervais F, Paquette J, Morissette C, et al. Targeting soluble Abeta peptide with tramiprosate for the treatment of brain amyloidosis. Neurobiol Aging 2007;28:537-47.
- Aisen PS, Gauthier S, Vellas B, et al. Alzhemed: a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007;4:473-8.
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- Aisen PS, Saumier D, Briand R, et al. A Phase II study targeting amyloid-beta with 3APS in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006;67:1757-63.
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- Tian J, Dang H, O'Laco KA, et al. Homotaurine treatment enhances CD4 + and CD8 + regulatory T cell responses and synergizes with low-dose anti-CD3 to enhance diabetes remission in Type 1 diabetic mice. Immunohorizons. 2019;3(10):498-510.
- Bossú P, Salani F, Ciaramella A, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of homotaurine in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:285.
- Tian J, Dang H, Wallner M, Olsen R, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine, a safe blood-brain barrier permeable GABA <sub>A</sub>-R-specific agonist, ameliorates disease in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16555.
- Abushakra S, Porsteinsson A, Scheltens P, et al. Clinical effects of tramiprosate in APOE4/4 homozygous patients with mild Alzheimer's disease suggest disease modification potential. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2017;4(3):149-156.
- Spalletta G, Cravello L, Gianni W, et al. Homotaurine effects on hippocampal volume loss and episodic memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;50(3):807-16.
- Ricciardi L, De Nigris F, Specchia A, Fasano A. Homotaurine in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(9):1581-7.
- Gauthier S, Aisen PS, Ferris SH, et al. Effect of tramiprosate in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: exploratory analyses of the MRI sub-group of the Alphase study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(6):550-7.
- Aisen PS, Gauthier S, Ferris SH, et al. Tramiprosate in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre study (the Alphase Study). Arch Med Sci. 2011;7(1):102-11.
- Marino PF, Rossi GCM, Campagna G, et al. Effects of citicoline, homotaurine, and vitamin E on contrast sensitivity and visual-related quality of life in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: A preliminary study. Molecules. 2020 Nov 29;25(23):5614.
- Toppi E, Sireno L, Lembo M, et al. IL-33 and IL-10 Serum Levels Increase in MCI Patients Following Homotaurine Treatment. Front Immunol 2022;13:813951.
- Singla R, Mishra A, Joshi R, et al. Homotaurine ameliorates the core ASD symptomatology in VPA rats through GABAergic signaling: Role of GAD67. Brain Res Bull 2022;190:122-133.
- Rossi GCM, Rolle T, De Silvestri A, et al. Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Single Blind, Cross-Over Study on the Effect of a Fixed Combination of Citicoline 500 mg Plus Homotaurine 50 mg on Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) in Patients With Open Angle Glaucoma on Well Controlled Intraocular Pressure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022;9:882335.