Glycomacropeptide
OTHER NAME(S): Casein-Derived Peptideu003Cndbu003E,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, None., Glicomacropéptido
Overview
Glycomacropeptide is a type of protein. It is formed during the process of making cheese. Unlike many other proteins, glycomacropeptide contains only very small amounts of the amino acidphenylalanine.
People take glycomacropeptide for an inherited disorder that increases levels of phenylalanine in the blood (phenylketonuria or PKU), gout, obesity, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Glycomacropeptide contains very low levels of phenylalanine, which might make it a better protein source for people with phenylketonuria.
Glycomacropeptide contains very low levels of phenylalanine, which might make it a better protein source for people with phenylketonuria.
Uses
Insufficient Evidence for
- Gout. Early research shows that taking skim milk powder fortified with glycomacropeptide and a specific milk fat extract reduces gout flares. It might also reduce pain during a gout flare.
- Obesity. Replacing one or two meals per day with a supplement containing glycomacropeptide does not help to reduce weight more than taking a supplement with skim milk powder.
- An inherited disorder that increases levels of phenylalanine in the blood (phenylketonuria or PKU). Early research shows that replacing part of the daily dose of a regular phenylalanine-free protein supplement with glycomacropeptide maintains blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. In surveys, people with phenylketonuria seem to prefer supplements containing glycomacropeptide over regular phenylalanine-free protein supplements.
- Bipolar disorder.
- Dental cavities.
- Diabetes.
- Heart disease.
- Infant development.
- Liver disease.
- Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of glycomacropeptide for these uses.
Side Effects
When taken by mouth: Glycomacropeptide is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken as a food supplement for up to one year.
Precautions
When taken by mouth: Glycomacropeptide is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken as a food supplement for up to one year.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if glycomacropeptide is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Children: Glycomacropeptide is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth as a food supplement for up to one year.
Interactions
We currently have no information for Glycomacropeptide overview.
Dosing
The appropriate dose of glycomacropeptide depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for glycomacropeptide. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
References
- Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, et al. A breakfast with alpha-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP lowers energy intake at lunch compared with a breakfast with casein, soy, whey, or whey-GMP. Clin Nutr 2009;28(2):147-155.
- Veldhorst MAB, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, et al. Effects of high or normal casein-, soy-, or whey with or without GMP- protein breakfasts on satiety, 'satiety' hormones, and plasma amino acid responses. Appetite 2007;49(1):336.
- Andersson Y, Hammarstrom ML, Lonnerdal B, et al. Formula feeding skews immune cell composition toward adaptive immunity compared to breastfeeding. J Immunol 2009;183(7):4322-4328.
- Sandstrom O, Lonnerdal B, Graverholt G, Hernell O. Effects of alpha-lactalbumin-enriched formula containing different concentrations of glycomacropeptide on infant nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(4):921-928.
- Rigo J, Boehm G, Georgi G, et al. An infant formula free of glycomacropeptide prevents hyperthreoninemia in formula-fed preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;32(2):127-130.
- van Calcar SC, MacLeod EL, Gleason ST, et al. Improved nutritional management of phenylketonuria by using a diet containing glycomacropeptide compared with amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(4):1068-1077.
- Bruck WM, Kelleher SL, Gibson GR, Graverholt G, Lonnerdal BL. The effects of alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on the association of CaCo-2 cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006;259(1):158-162.
- Nakajima K, Tamura N, Kobayashi-Hattori K, et al. Prevention of intestinal infection by glycomacropeptide. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005;69(12):2294-2301.
- Janer C, Diaz J, Pelaez C, Requena T. The Effect of Caseinomacropeptide and Whey Protein Concentrate on Streptococcus mutans adhesion to polystyrene surfaces and cell aggregation. J Food Quality 2007;27(3):233-238.
- Dalbeth N, Gracey E, Pool B, et al. Identification of dairy fractions with anti-inflammatory properties in models of acute gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(4):766-769.
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- Kawasaki Y, Isoda H, Tanimoto M, et al. Inhibition by lactoferrin and kappa-casein glycomacropeptide of binding of Cholera toxin to its receptor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1992;56(2):195-198.
- Kawasaki Y, Isoda H, Shinmoto H, et al. Inhibition by kappa-casein glycomacropeptide and lactoferrin of influenza virus hemagglutination. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1993;57(7):1214-1215.
- Mikkelsen TL, Rasmussen E, Olsen A, Barkholt V, Frokiaer H. Immunogenicity of kappa-casein and glycomacropeptide. J Dairy Sci 2006;89(3):824-830.
- Li EW, Mine Y. Immunoenhancing effects of bovine glycomacropeptide and its derivatives on the proliferative response and phagocytic activities of human macrophagelike cells, U937. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52(9):2704-2708.
- Mikkelsen TL, Bakman S, Sorensen ES, Barkholt V, Frokiaer H. Sialic acid-containing milk proteins show differential immunomodulatory activities independent of sialic acid. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53(20):7673-7680.
- Wang B, Yu B, Karim M, et al. Dietary sialic acid supplementation improves learning and memory in piglets. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(2):561-569.
- Lim K, van Calcar SC, Nelson KL, Gleason ST, Ney DM. Acceptable low-phenylalanine foods and beverages can be made with glycomacropeptide from cheese whey for individuals with PKU. Mol Genet Metab 2007;92(1-2):176-178.
- Quero J, Carcia P, Vento M, et al. Reduction of hyperthreoninemia in term infants fed a whey predominant formula without Glycomacropeptide. J Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1997;24(4):491.
- Chlygin GK, Vasilevskaia LS, Chernikov MP, Nikol'skaia GV. [Anti-gastrin effect of glycomacropeptide]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1971;72(12):9-13.
- Chernikov MP, Stan EI, Vasilevskaia LS, Shlygin GK. [Heterogeneity of the kappa-casein glycomacropeptide and physiological activity of its fractions]. Vopr Pitan 1979;(5):22-26.
- Stan EI, Chernikov MP. [Physiological activity of kappa-casein glycomacropeptide]. Vopr Med Khim 1979;25(3):348-352.
- Vasilevskaia LS, Stan EI, Chernikov MP, Shlygin GK. [Inhibiting action of glycomacropeptide on stomach secretion induced by various humoral stimulants]. Vopr Pitan 1977;(4):21-24.
- Varsanovich EA, Usacheva NT, Stan EI, Vasil'ev AV, Chernikov MP. [Chemical composition of casein glycomacropeptide components]. Vopr Med Khim 1976;22(5):648-652.
- Nakano T, Silva-Hernandez ER, Ikawa N, Ozimek L. Purification of kappa-casien glycomacropeptide from sweet whey with undetectable level of phenylalanine. Biotechnol Prog 2002;18(2):409-412.
- Li EW, Mine Y. Technical note: Comparison of chromatographic profile of glycomacropeptide from cheese whey isolated using different methods. J Dairy Sci 2004;87(1):174-177.
- Burton-Freeman, B. M. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is not critical to whey-induced satiety, but may have a unique role in energy intake regulation through cholecystokinin (CCK). Physiol Behav 2008;93(1-2):379-387.
- Keogh, J. B. and Clifton, P. The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(6):1602-1605.
- Lam, S. M., Moughan, P. J., Awati, A., and Morton, H. R. The influence of whey protein and glycomacropeptide on satiety in adult humans. Physiol Behav 2009;96(1):162-168.
- Veldhorst, M. A., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., Westerterp, K. R., Engelen, M. P., Brummer, R. J., Deutz, N. E., and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. Effects of complete whey-protein breakfasts versus whey without GMP-breakfasts on energy intake and satiety. Appetite 2009;52(2):388-395.
- Keogh, J. B., Woonton, B. W., Taylor, C. M., Janakievski, F., Desilva, K., and Clifton, P. M. Effect of glycomacropeptide fractions on cholecystokinin and food intake. Br J Nutr 2010;104(2):286-290.
- Ney, D. M., Gleason, S. T., van Calcar, S. C., MacLeod, E. L., Nelson, K. L., Etzel, M. R., Rice, G. M., and Wolff, J. A. Nutritional management of PKU with glycomacropeptide from cheese whey. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009;32(1):32-39.
- Tanimoto M, Kawasaki Y, Dosako S, Ahiko K, Nakajima I. Large-scale preparation of k-casein glycomacropeptide from rennet casein whey. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1992;56(1):140-141.
- Dalbeth N, Ames R, Gamble GD, et al. Effects of skim milk powder enriched with glycomacropeptide and G600 milk fat extract on frequency of gout flares: a proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(6):929-34.
- Ney DM, Stroup BM, Clayton MK, et al. Glycomacropeptide for nutritional management of phenylketonuria: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(2):334-45.
- Chungchunlam SM, Henare SJ, Ganesh S, Moughan PJ. Effect of whey protein and glycomacropeptide on measures of satiety in normal-weight adult women. Appetite. 2014;78:172-8.
- Daly A, Evans S, Chahal S, et al. Glycomacropeptide: long-term use and impact on blood phenylalanine, growth and nutritional status in children with PKU. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019;14(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1011-y.
- Liebenberg N, Jensen E, Larsen ER, et al. A Preclinical Study of Casein Glycomacropeptide as a Dietary Intervention for Acute Mania. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018;21(5):473-84. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy012.
- Tiele A, Daly A, Hattersley J, et al. Investigation of paediatric PKU breath malodour, comparing glycomacropeptide with phenylalanine free L-amino acid supplements. J Breath Res 2019;14(1):016001. doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab4097.
- Hoefle AS, Bangert AM, Rist MJ, et al. Postprandial metabolic responses to ingestion of bovine glycomacropeptide compared to a whey protein isolate in prediabetic volunteers. Eur J Nutr 2019;58(5):2067-77. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1763-5.
- Larsen ER, Juel A, Jensen E, Hollyer TR, Wegener G. Dietary supplementation with casein glycomacropeptide, leucine and tryptophan reduces plasma amino acid levels in men. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2022;34(2):69-76.
- Delsoglio M, Capener R, MacDonald A, et al. Evaluation of a New 'Mix-In' Style Glycomacropeptide-Based Protein Substitute for Food and Drinks in Patients with Phenylketonuria and Tyrosinemia. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3598.
- Delsoglio M, Capener R, MacDonald A, et al. Evaluation of a New Glycomacropeptide-Based Protein Substitute in Powdered and Liquid Format in Patients with PKU. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3580.
- Daly A, Högler W, Crabtree N, et al. A Three-Year Longitudinal Study Comparing Bone Mass, Density, and Geometry Measured by DXA, pQCT, and Bone Turnover Markers in Children with PKU Taking L-Amino Acid or Glycomacropeptide Protein Substitutes. Nutrients 2021;13(6):2075.
- Koh J, Kim BJ, Qu Y, Huang H, Dallas DC. Top-Down Glycopeptidomics Reveals Intact Glycomacropeptide Is Digested to a Wide Array of Peptides in Human Jejunum. J Nutr 2022;152(2):429-438.
- Hansen KE, Murali S, Chaves IZ, Suen G, Ney DM. Glycomacropeptide Impacts Amylin-Mediated Satiety, Postprandial Markers of Glucose Homeostasis, and the Fecal Microbiome in Obese Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr 2023;153(7):1915-1929.
- Pena MJ, Pinto A, de Almeida MF, et al. Continuous use of glycomacropeptide in the nutritional management of patients with phenylketonuria: a clinical perspective. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021;16(1):84.
- Daly A, Högler W, Crabtree N, et al. Growth and Body Composition in PKU Children-A Three-Year Prospective Study Comparing the Effects of L-Amino Acid to Glycomacropeptide Protein Substitutes. Nutrients 2021;13(4):1323.